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从历史、理性和真理的角度出发，僧侣制度是该受谴责的。修院在一个国家，如果发展过多，它便成了行动的累赘，绊脚的机构，它应是劳动的中心却成为懒惰的中心。修道团体，对广大的人类社会来说，正如檞树上的寄生物，人体上的瘤。它们的兴盛和肥壮正是地方的贫瘠。僧侣制度对早期的文化是有好处的，在精神方面它可以减少强暴的习气，但到了人民精力饱满时它却是有害的。而且当它已衰败时，当它已进入腐化时，正如层出不穷的事例所表现的那样，所有一切在它纯洁时期使它成为有益的因素，都变成使它成为有害的因素。 Claustration has had its day. Cloisters, useful in the early education of modern civilization, have embarrassed its growth, and are injurious to its development. So far as institution and formation with relation to man are concerned, monasteries, which were good in the tenth century, questionable in the fifteenth, are detestable in the nineteenth. The leprosy of monasticism has gnawed nearly to a skeleton two wonderful nations, Italy and Spain; the one the light, the other the splendor of Europe for centuries; and, at the present day, these two illustrious peoples are but just bclised with a lid of granite like a tomb, with this difference, that the dead man here was a living being, that soil which is but mud, that vault hole, those oozing walls,-- what declaimers! 在那些地牢中，有一个还留下一段固定在石壁里的颈镣的一段；在另外一个地牢里，可以看到一种用四块花岗石砌成的四方匣子，长不够一个人躺下，高也不够一个人直立。当年却有人把一个活生生的人安置在那里，上面再盖上一块石板。那是实实在在的。大家都看得见，大家都摸得到的。那些“地下室”，那些地牢，那些铁门斗，那些颈镣，那种开得老高、却有河水齐着洞口流过的通风洞，那种带花岗石盖子的石板匣子，象不埋死人单埋活人的坟墓，那种泥泞的地面，那种粪坑，那种浸水的墙壁，难道这些东西也能花言巧语！ | |
