目 录 上一节 下一节 
电视中的暴力内容是怎样影响孩子们的 For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior. Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly. And the number of violent acts on television in the past years has increased from about 19 to 27 per hour. Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow. 在最近这四分之一世纪还多的时间里，出现了越来越多的证据，那就是把电视上的暴力内容暴露在孩子们的面前，对孩子们的行为产生了深远的影响。在1982-1986年间，每周电视花在暴力节目上的播出时间总数有了惊人的增长。每小时在电视上播出的暴力节目上的播出时间总数有了惊人的增长。每小时在电视播出的暴行的次数在过去这些年中由19次增加到27次。从孩子们看电视总共所花的时间这一角度来看，暴行已经成为孩子们想要模仿的最具有偶像性质的行为之一。 The Position Statement on Media Violence in Children's Lives, recently adopted by the National Association for the Education of Yong Children, points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed. For example, the rapid recoveries of people on TV from violent attacks give children an unrealistic picture of the injuries that have been suffered. 最近全国幼儿教育委员会在公布的《关于传播媒介中的暴力内容在獐生活中的影响的声明》中指出，学龄前的儿童特别容易受到传播媒介的影响，因为他们不能把虚构的东西跟现实生活区别开来，因为他们还不能充分理解某一行为的潜在的动机，还不能充分了解道德情操上的冲突的复杂性。例如：在电视上人们受到暴力袭击之后很快就痊愈了，这让孩子们对伤者所受的折磨痛苦有一种不真实的理解。 Effects on Play 对玩耍产生的影响 Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs. And with these toys, their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative. Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program, thus undermining both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play. The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world. Some research even suggests that children apply the behaviors observed on TV programs to their real-life situations. 当然，孩子们经常很想要这些节目中出现的那些玩具，很想要在那些节目中间穿插的广告上的玩具。孩子们只是单纯模仿在节目进行中所观察到的动作行为，因而既不能挖掘出或体会出这一电视剧令人深思的地方，也不能理解这一电视剧的感动人的地方。电视广告里介绍的大部分与暴力有关的玩具对儿童起不到好作用。这些玩具不能更好地帮助儿童理解自己的感情，也起不到帮助儿童来解释周围世界的作用。一些调查研究的结果表明了，孩子们把他们在电视节目中所看到的一些动作行为应用到他们的现实生活的环境中来了。 
父母或家长应该帮助 It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches. If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be a good idea to control his viewing. Controlling viewing is easier to do during the preschool years than during the school years, so you should initiate a pattern of restricted television watching now. 由父母来监控学龄前儿童看电视的时间长短和看哪一类电视片子，这倒是个好主意。如果你觉得你的孩子狂热地喜欢看战争题材的电视剧，醉心于玩弄武器，那么控制他看电视倒是个好主意。在学龄彰控制儿童看电视比起上学以后再去控制他要容易一些，所以现在你应开始实行一套严格控制儿童看电视的规矩。 Help your child to interpret what she sees - to think of explanations for the events depicted and to imagine how the show is put together. Make simple critiques of a show without implying that her fascination with the drama and the weapons makes her guilty by association. 设法让你的孩子来解释她看到的事物（原文如此：由"他"转换成"她"--译者著）--即让她对电视中所描述的种种事件想出一些解释的方法，还要让她想象出来这个节目是怎样拼凑编辑到一起的。对电视演出节目作一些简短的评论，不必暗示要让她通过联想使她因迷恋电视剧和武器而感到内疚。 Ask the teachers of your child's preschool about their policy on war play and toy weapons. Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter. Look for other parents who share your views. Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched and the number of violent toys found in the home. Try to arrange play dates for the children as an alternative to TV viewing. Or look for videos of healthy, nonviolent programs for children, and encourage their use as an attractive alternative to violent television programs. 向你的孩子所在的学前班的教师们就对待战争片和玩具武器的办法征询一下意见。很多学前班的老师们都不喜欢把以商业为目的制造的玩具武器带进教室来，他们很喜欢聆听你对此事的关心所发表的意见。去找一些跟您有共同观点共同看法的其他一些家长。大家共同协作去控制孩子们所看的暴力节目的时间，去控制在家中所发现的暴力玩具的件数。尽量设法给孩子们安排几次到一起玩的聚会，用这种儿童聚会来代替看电视。或者去找一些供儿童看的健康的非暴力节目的录像带，鼓励孩子们用这些很有吸引力的节目去代替那些暴力的电视节目。 Why Don't Girls Think Like Boys? 为什么女孩不能像男孩那样考虑问题？！ 
您认为只有男孩才能在科学上有所建树吗？您觉得女孩驾驭词汇的孩子比男孩强吗？依您之见，是不是男孩才最擅长创造一些东西？按着《现代科学》上刊登的一篇文章的观点，如果您对这些问题中的每个问题都回答说"是的，"那你就答对了。但是，这里举出下列事实，足以证明也有例外的情况。 On the average, males score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, mechanical ability, and problem-solving skills. Females show superior ability in tests measuring vocabulary, spelling, and memory. But these differences will probably not always exist. In the future, a person's abilities may not be determined by sex. As one scientist says, "Nothing is impossible for a person to be or do." 平均说来，每逢在测试数学推理、机械修理的能力，测试解决问题的技巧时，男性的总分总是高于女性。女性在测试词汇量、拼写能力、记忆力方面表现出优越的才能。但是，很可能这些判别并不是永恒不变的。在将来，一个人各方面的才能并不是由性别来决定的。正如一位科学家所说的，"任何一个人只要你想成为一个什么样的人，只要你想做某件事，都不是不能成功的。" In several recent studies, young babies have been observed and tested to discover how different abilities are developed. A scientific team headed by Jerome Kagan, a psychologist at Harvard University, is studying the thinking ability of children 11 1/2 months old. The test is a simple one. The baby, while seated on its mother's lap, watches a "show" on a small theater stage. 最近做了几次调查研究，观察并测试了很小的婴儿，以便发现不同的能力是怎样培养出来的。以哈佛大学的心理学家杰罗姆o卡根为首的科研组对一批11个半月大的婴儿的思考能力进行了观察。这种测试方法很简单。让婴儿的坐在妈妈的大腿上，观看一个小剧场的舞台上的"表演"。 In act 1 of the show, an orange-colored block is lifted from a blue box and moved slowly across the stage. Then it is returned to the box. This is repeated six times. Act 2 is similar, except that the orange block is smaller. Baby boys do not seem to notice the difference in the size of the block, but girls immediately become excited and begin to make noises that sound like language. They seem to be trying to talk. 在第1幕的演出中，把一块橙色的东西从一个蓝色的箱子中拿了起来，然后慢慢地横着从舞台一边移动到另一边。然后再把它放回箱子里去。这样重复做了六遍。这第2幕跟第1幕是相似的，除了那个橙色块小了一点。小男婴儿似乎没注意到这个"块"的大小有什么不同，可是女婴却都立刻激动起来并发现了听起来像是语言的声音。似乎是她们要和人们说话。 It is known that bones, muscles, and nerves develop faster in baby girls. Usually, too, baby girls talk at an earlier age than boys do. Scientists think there is a physical reason for this. They believe that nerves in the left side of the brain develop faster in girls than in boys. And it is this side of the brain that strongly influences an individual's ability to use words, to spell, and to remember things. 众所周知，女婴的骨骼、肌肉和神经都发育得比较快。大多数情况下，女婴也比男婴开始说话时间早。科学家们认为这是因为生理构造不同。他们认为女孩的脑的左侧的神经发育得比男孩快。正是脑的左侧，才强有力地影响着一个人的用词、拼写和记事的能力。 
因此，到了他们开始上学读书时，小女孩就有着男孩所不具备的优势。女孩在生理上就更善于记事、拼写和阅读。当然，这一切在小学阶段都是重要的技能。 But what have the boys been doing in the years before starting school? They have been developing something called aggression. An aggressive person has courage and energy. He feels strong and independent. He is often the first one to start a fight. 但是在还没有开始上学之前的几年时间里，男孩子都在干些什么呢？他们都在逐渐养成一种被称为"好侵犯人"的性格。一个惯于侵犯他人的人都有勇气，有力气。他觉得自己身强力壮，凡事自作主张，经常是他，第一个挑起了打架。 What produces aggression in little boys? It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones. Scientists today believe that male hormones are only part of the explanation, however. They say aggressiveness in boys is also caused by mothers. 是什么使小男孩产生了好侵犯人的性格？长期以来人们一直认为这种好侵犯人的性格是由于男性荷尔蒙引起的。可是，今天科学家们认为男性荷尔蒙只能说明一部分问题。科学家们说，男孩的侵略性也都是由母亲培养出来的。 A team of psychologists discovered this by placing mothers and their one-year-old babies in a room filled with toys. The room had a wall through which the scientists could observe what happened without being seen. They took notes on everything the mothers and babies did. 一组心理学家。把母亲们和她们的一岁大的婴儿都放在一个到处都摆着玩具的房间里，结果就发现了这一事实。这个房间保留有一面墙，通过这面墙科学家们在墙外能观察到房间城所发生的一切情况，却不能被房间里的人发现。他们对母亲们和婴儿们所做的一切都做了笔记。 Here is a sample of those notes, taken during the observation of a baby boy and his mother: 下面就是在观察一个男婴和他母亲的过程中，记下的笔记中的一个片断： 
婴儿偎依着妈。（因为是速记，将虚词尽量删掉了--译者注）。他抬头看她。她跟他说话。她让他转过身去。他走开了，拣起一个玩具猫。回到妈那，他把猫扔了。偎依着她。他抬头看她。她又让他转过身去"。 From such observations and from conversations with mothers, the scientists learned something about the treatment of baby boys and baby girls. While the mother keeps her daughter close to her, she trains her son to move away from her, to develop independence. 从几次这类的观察中，从历次同母亲们的谈话中，科学家们知道了对待男婴和女婴的不同方法。母亲尽量让她的女儿躲在自己怀里，可是她却训练她的儿子离开自己，去发展独立自主的精神。 Consequently, it is easy to understand why little girls often perform school tasks better than boys, especially if the task requires sitting still, obeying commands, and accepting the teacher's ideas. A girl may pass easily through the first few grades. While boys of her age bring home low marks, the girl may easily get good grades. Girls seem to have "better brains" in school. Why, then, do so few girls become great scientists? Why is the most important thinking in adult society done by men? 因而，这就很容易明白，为什么小女孩在完成学校布置的各项任务中，都比男孩做得好，特别是像要求静静坐在那里不动，服从命令听指挥、接受老师的思想这样的任务。每一个女孩上学后的头两三年级很容易就能通过考试关。女孩子很容易就能得到高分，而同龄的男孩拿回家的分数却很低。在校读书似乎是女孩的"脑子更好。"那么为什么，几乎很少有女孩能成为伟大的科学家。为什么在成年人最重要的思想都是由男人提出来的？ According to scientists, the answer is aggression. Because boys are aggressive, they refuse to accept other people's solutions; they insist upon solving problems for themselves. Thus, while little girls are getting high marks in school for remembering what the teacher has told them, little boys are learning to think in more independent ways. 根据科学家们的意见，答案就是"好侵犯他人"的性格。因为男孩都是好侵犯他人的，他们拒绝接受别人的决定。他们坚持要独立自主地解决问题。就这样，在小女孩因为能记住教师所讲的话而得到高分的时候，而小男孩却正在学习用更加独立自主的方法去考虑问题。 In the adult world, the aggressive person is usually the one who gets the big salary, the great responsibility, the powerful job. And since males are trained at an early age to be aggressive, males are more often chosen for key positions. 在成年人中，凡好侵犯他人的人通常都是能得到很高的年薪，责任重大，大权在握的人。既然从小男性就被培养成好侵犯他人，上进心强，因而，男性也就更经常地被选拔到关键的岗位上来。 
许多人认为这种情况是错误的。他们认为假使妇女们也像男孩一样受过要独立要勇于解决问题这方面的训练，那么，妇女在科学和其他行业中也会像男孩一样取得成功的。
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