目 录 上一节 下一节 
休闲与引导 Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern. 观察和研究结果显示发达工业社会的人越来越关注的机会以及空闲时能做些什么。对带薪休假的重视和大众娱乐服务的快速进步是这种关注的标志。 The term "quality of life" is difficult to define. It covers a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especially as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual." 生活质量"这个词不好下定义。它包含很广的范围，例如生活环境、健康、就业、食品、家庭生活、教育、物质财富、休闲和娱乐，等等。一般地说，尤其在个人来看，生活质量由个人在多大程度上能够得到生活的这些方面并感到满意来衡量。 As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time, leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one's job and one's life-style. Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies) in leisure. 作为个人认为适合在业余时间进行的活动，休闲具有以下功能：放松、消遣和娱乐，以及个人发展。这些功能的重要性因各人的工作性质和生活方式而不同。因此，需要在工作中消耗大量精力的人会发现最想要在休闲中放松。受过较好教育的人和职业较为专业的人可能倾向于在休闲中寻找消遣和个人发展。 The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. Even the same leisure activity may be used differently be different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide "escape" from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one's environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people's life experiences as portrayed in the programmes. 休闲的具体用途因人而异。甚至同样的休闲活动各人做起来也可能功能不同。下面是看电视的可能的用途，这是一种很常见的休闲活动：换种体验，从工作压力里"逃开"；了解更多身边的事情；通过比较节目中他人的生活经验提供一个了解自身的机会。 
城市生活中，结构严密，步伐迅速，工作压力在生活中投下阴影，不同性质的经验，不管是看电视还是看鸟，都能达到自我更新更平衡的生活方式。既然休闲基本上是个人决定的事，就可以做任何给自己带来愉悦和满足的活动，发展个人兴趣爱好。 Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and learning experiences. We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools, jobs ,and the mass media. Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use. 我们的好恶、品位、喜好决定了我们是选择看书、看电影、露营、或某种文化追求，而前者又同社会环境和学习经验有关。我们从来自家庭、、学校工作和大众传媒的事物中获得各种兴趣。基本上这种态度就等于承认休闲是生活的重要部分，相信休闲能够并且应该得到充分利用。 Professional workers in recreation services, too, will find that to impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways. Hence, it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure. Influence of this kind is a form of leadership. 休闲服务的职业工作者也会发现赋予公众对休闲的下面态度对于促使他们以创造性的、令人满意的方式休闲很重要。因而，可以认为我们在各种环境中与之打交道的人往往对我们形成与休闲有关的态度、举甚至技巧都产生了影响。这种影响是一种引导。 Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests. For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students. 父母、老师、工作同伴和大众媒体的传播者都能激发我们潜在的兴趣。例如，学校对于做游戏、参加体育活动和文化追求的鼓励的程度和方式很可能对学生休闲态度的形成产生影响。 Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person. The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic word will be encouraged. 学校常常把人的平衡发展作为它们的教育目标。越是认真地追求这一目标，这越可能鼓励正面的休闲态度，就像鼓励学业一样。 
时间信息 You may have been exposed to this idea before, but this time try to hear. There is a message that is trying to reach you, and it is important that it get through loud and clear. The message? 你可能听说过这个观点，但不妨再听一次。有一条信息要传送给你，而且要清楚响亮地传到，这很重要。信息？ Time management! 时间管理！ Time is elusive and tricky. It is the easiest thing in the world to waste - the most difficult to control. When you look ahead, it may appear you have more than you need. Yet it has a way of slipping through your fingers like quicksand. You may suddenly find that there is no way to stretch the little time you have left to cover all your obligations. For example, as a beginning student looking ahead to a full term you may feel that you have an oversupply of time on your hands. But toward the end of the term you may panic because time is running out. The answer? 时间难以捉摸，稍纵即逝。浪费时间是世界上最容易做到的事情，也是最难控制的。当你朝前看时，时间也许显得比你需要的多。可是它会像流沙一样从缝间溜走。你可能会突然发现剩下的那点时间没法完成所有的任务。比方说，作为一个新生，你看到眼前整整一个学期，会觉得手上有多余的时间，但是当学期末临近时，没准就会恐慌起来，因为时间快用完了。答案呢？ Control! 控制！ 
时间是危险的。你不控制它，它就会控制你。你不让它为你工作，它就会成为你的对头。你必须做它的主人而不是佣人。 Study hard and play hard is an old proverb, but is still makes sense. You have plenty of time for classes, study, work, and play if you use your time properly. It is not how much time you allocate for study that counts but how much you learn when you do study. 刻苦学习，开心玩耍是句老话，但依然有意义。如果合理安排时间就会有足够的时间上课、学习、玩耍。重要的不是分配了多少时间学习，而是学习时你到底学到了多少。 Too much wasted time is bad medicine. The more time you waste, the easier it is too continue wasting time. Soon, doing nothing becomes a habit you can't break. It becomes a drug. When this happens, you lose your feeling of accomplishment and you fall by the wayside. A full schedule is a good schedule. 浪费太多时间就跟吃了治不好病的药一样。时间浪费得越多，就越容易继续浪费时间。很快无所事事就成了改不掉的习惯，就会上瘾。如果这样，你会失去成就感，半途而废。安排得满满的时间表就很好。 Some students refuse to hear the time message. They refuse to accept the fact that college life demands some degree of time control. There is no escape. So what's the next setp? If you seriously with to get the time message, this passage will give it to you. Remember - it will not only improve your grades but also free you to enjoy college life more. 有的学生拒绝听取时间。信息他们不愿意接受大学生活要求一定程度的时间控制这一事实。但这无可避免。那下一步呢？如果你真心想要得到时间信息，这个章节会提供给你。记住，这不仅会提高你的分数，还会让你更地享受大学生活。 Message 1. Time is valuable - control it from the beginning. 信息1：时间是宝贵的，从头开始控制它。 
时间就是今天，不是明天或下星期。在学期开始时就实施你的计划并随着每一个新的规划调整。这样就能把工作的时间分散一些。 Message 2. Get the notebook habit. 信息2：养成用笔记本的习惯。 Go and buy a pocket-size notebook. There many varieties of these special notebooks. Select the one you like best. Use it to schedule your study time each day. You can also use it to note important dates, appointments, addresses, and telephone numbers. Keep it with you at all times. 去买个袋装笔记本。这种特殊笔记本有好多，这种你最喜欢的，用它来安排每天的学习时间。还可以记载重要的约会、地址、电话号码。把它一直带在身边。 Message 3. Prepare a weekly study schedule. 信息3：制定每周学习计划。 The main purpose of the notebook is to help you prepare a weekly study schedule. Once prepared, follow the same pattern every week with minor adjustments. Sunday is an excellent day to make up your schedule for the following week. Write in your class schedule first. Add your work hours, if any. Then write in the hours each day you feel you must allocate for study. Keep it simple. 这个笔记本的主要用途是帮你准备一周学习计划。一旦定下，每周依照同样模式而行，只做小的变动。星期天正好用来安排下周计划。最先记下上课的时间，再加上工作时间，如果有的话。然后写上每天必须分配的学习时间。尽量简单些。 
信息4：现实些。 When you plan time for these things, be realistic. Don't underestimate. Overestimate, if possible, so that emergencies that arise don't hang you up. Otherwise your entire routine may get thrown off balance while you devote night and day to crash efforts. 做计划时，现实些。别少估时间，如果可能，多估些，这样发生紧急情况也不至于耽误工作。否则你日夜应付突发事件时，日常工作就会推动平衡。 Message 5. Make study time fit the course. 信息5：学习的时间同课程相符。 How much study time you schedule for each classroom hour depends on four factors: (1) your ability, (2) the difficulty of the class, (3) the grades you hope to achieve, and (4) how well you use your study time. One thing, however, is certain: you should schedule a minimum of one hour of study for each classroom hour. In many cases, more will be required. 每个课时安排多少时间学习取决于四个因素：（1）能力；（2）课程难度；（3）希望得到的分数；（4）利用时间能力的好坏。但有一件事是确定的：每一课时应安排至少一小时学习时间。很多情况下会需要更多时间。 Message 6. Keep your schedule flexible. 信息6：保持学习计划的灵活性。 
好的时间表必须有点儿弹性，这样特殊的计划就能处理得当。想一想，制定每周的计划，不要变成一成不变的模式的奴隶。必要时加以调整。 You will enjoy your fun time more after you have completed your study responsibilities. So, where possible, schedule your study hours in advance of fun activities. This is a sound principle to follow, so keep it in mind as you prepare your first schedule. 完成学习任务之后再玩会更加愉快。所以只要可能，把学习时间安排在娱乐之前。这是要遵从的合理原则，所以在准备第一个日程表的时候就牢记在心。 Message 8. Study some each class day. 信息8：每个学习日都学到一些东西。 Some concentrated study each day is better than many study hours one day and nothing the next. As you work out your individual schedule, attempt to include a minimum of two study hours each day. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments and projects. 每天集中学一会儿比一天学几个小时、第二天又不要学强。做个人日程表时，尽量每天安排至少两个小时学习。这不仅让你保持学习习惯，还使你了解学习任务和计划。 Few beginning freshmen can control their time effectively without a written schedule, so why kid yourself into thinking you don't need one? You do. Later on, when you have had more experience and you have the time-control habit, you may be able to operate without it. Of course the schedule is only the first step. Once you have it prepared, you must stick with it and follow it faithfully. You must push away the many temptations that are always present or your schedule is useless. Your schedule will give you control only if you make it work. 很少大学新生能够没有日程表就有效地控制时间，所以干嘛骗自己以为你不需要时间表？你需要。到后来，更有经验，养成了控制时间的习惯以后，你可能就不需要了。当然日程表只是第一步。一旦把这个准备好了，必然坚持，忠实遵循。得推开那些不断出现的诱惑，否则你的日程表就没用了。只有让日程表起作用，你才能用它支配时间。 | 
